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What is Relative Valuation? 

Relative valuation is a method used to assess the value of an asset by comparing it to the values of similar assets in the market. This approach relies on market multiples derived from comparable companies or transactions, such as price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios, enterprise value-to-EBITDA (EV/EBITDA), and price-to-book (P/B) ratios.

Advantages:

• Market Reflective: Provides a value based on current market conditions.
• Simplicity: Easier to perform than more complex valuation methods.
• Benchmarking: Allows for comparisons against peers.

Disadvantages:

• Market Fluctuations: Can be influenced by market volatility and sentiment.
• Subjectivity: Depends on the selection of comparable companies.
• Lack of Specificity: May not account for unique aspects of the company being valued.

How to Perform Relative Valuation:

1. Select Comparable Companies: Identify companies similar in size, industry, and growth prospects.
2. Calculate Market Multiples: Determine relevant multiples for these companies.
3. Apply Multiples: Apply the median or average multiples to the target company's financial metrics.

Real-World Example and Calculation: 

Let's say we are valuing a tech startup, XYZ Tech, which has earnings of $5 million. We identify three comparable companies in the tech industry with the following P/E ratios:

• Company A: 20x
• Company B: 25x
• Company C: 22x

To calculate the relative valuation, we can use the average P/E ratio of the comparable companies:

Average P/E= (20+25+22)/3 = 22.33 

Next, we apply this average P/E ratio to XYZ Tech's earnings:

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XYZ Tech had earnings of $5 million and the average P/E ratio of comparable companies is 22.33, the estimated value of XYZ Tech would be $111.65 million, providing a market-based valuation benchmark.

Estimated Value of XYZ Tech=22.33×$5 million=$111.65 million

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